Bharatanatyam, also known as Bharathanatiyam or Sadir, is one of the classical dance forms of India that originated from the Tamil Nadu region in South India.
Traditionally, Bharatanatyam was performed solo by women. The dance form is deeply rooted in elements, including worship of Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, and various Lord (Shakta).
The history of Bharatanatyam can be traced back to ancient Sanskrit texts, particularly the Natya Shastra by Bharata Muni. According to the Tamil epic Silappatikaram, Bharatanatyam existed long before the 2nd century CE. It is believed to be the oldest classical dance form in India. There are two versions regarding the origin of the name Bharatanatyam.
Structure of Bharatanatyam Dance
Bharatanatyam is traditionally performed as a solo dance, usually by a female dancer. Each Bharatanatyam performance is accompanied by music and a vocalist. The theory and structure of Bharatanatyam music, singing, and choreography are outlined in the Natya Shastra and other Hindu scriptures such as the Abhinaya Darpana.
In modern times, Bharatanatyam has evolved into a contemporary style. In modern Bharatanatyam performances, the number of dancers can exceed one, and male dancers may also perform. Contemporary Bharatanatyam retains the classical style but may incorporate movements from other classical Indian dance forms. These performances aim to help the audience better understand the story and philosophical values embedded in the dance.
Costume of Bharatanatyam Dancers
The costume worn by Bharatanatyam dancers is distinct, with a fan-shaped fabric placed between the legs. The attire of Bharatanatyam dancers resembles the traditional bridal wear of Tamil culture. The female dancer's costume consists of a brightly colored sari, which is wrapped tightly around the body and secured with an accessory resembling a belt. Between the dancer's legs, there is a pleated piece of fabric, giving the illusion of a folding fan when the dancer spreads their legs.
The dancer also wears various accessories, such as jewelry on the head, hair, ears, nose, and neck. The makeup accentuates the eyes to enhance the dancer’s facial expressions. Bharatanatyam dancers also wear ankle bracelets that produce a jingling sound when the feet are stamped. The dancer's hair is neatly braided and adorned with flowers.
The fingers and feet of the dancer are painted with henna, made from kumkum powder. The purpose of painting the hands and feet is to make the gestures of the dancer's hands and feet more prominent.
Bharatanatyam is not just a classical dance form; it is a vibrant expression of culture, spirituality, and tradition. With its intricate movements, rich costumes, and soulful music, it continues to captivate audiences worldwide, preserving the beauty and legacy of Indian classical arts for generations to come!
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